华尔街日报：中国如何赢得人工智能机器人竞赛？

看来他们也知道，产业空心化是很难解决ai应用落地问题的。毕竟你本地没有工厂。没有应用场景就没有市场，没有市场就没人研究，就算研究也没有地方采集ai训练需要的大量数据，甚至没有像样的工厂来测试，现在轮到你浓眉大眼的阿美莉卡说造不如买了是吗？
另外虽然这几年ai发展很快，但是确实非常扭曲，没把人从低端的体力劳动解放出来，从而专注于创造力，实际上第一波被冲击的就是绘画，然后是写作、甚至图片视频，当然还有码农本身，这是非常诡异的事情。

中国企业在人均机器人密度方面实现了对世界的飞跃。中国在 2021 年超过了美国，并在 2023 年超过了德国和日本。如今，许多中国公司运营着“黑灯工厂”，完全由机器人操作，没有人类在场。

https://www.wsj.com/opinion/china-is-winning-the-race-for-intelligent-robots-7b2416fe

While the U.S. celebrates its dominance in artificial-intelligence software, China is quietly winning the race that might end up mattering most—developing robots that wield AI in the physical world.尽管美国庆祝其在人工智能软件领域的统治地位，但中国却在悄然赢得一场可能最终更为重要的竞赛——开发在物理世界中运用人工智能的机器人。
The U.S. should be proud of its AI achievements. The world’s strongest AI companies—from giants like Google to startups like Cursor—are American. But we are nearing what Jensen Huang calls a “ChatGPT moment for general robotics.” Imagine not AI programs that can not only write software and streamline office administration but also operate production lines, extract minerals, even prepare food. They’ll be able to learn and improve themselves as they go. 美国理应为其在人工智能方面的成就感到自豪。从谷歌等巨头到 Cursor 等初创公司，世界上最强大的人工智能公司都来自美国。但我们正接近英伟达 CEO 黄仁勋所说的“通用机器人领域的 ChatGPT 时刻”。想象一下，人工智能程序不仅能编写软件、精简办公室管理，还能操作生产线、开采矿产，甚至准备食物。它们将能够边学习边自我改进。
In 2015 the Chinese government released its Made in China 2025 strategy, highlighting robotics as a key area of national interest. Chinese companies have since leapfrogged the world in robot density per capita. China surpassed the U.S. in 2021, then Germany and Japan in 2023. Many Chinese companies now operate “dark factories,” staffed entirely by robots with no humans present.2015 年，中国政府发布了《中国制造 2025》战略，将机器人技术列为国家重点关注领域。此后，中国企业在人均机器人密度方面实现了对世界的飞跃。中国在 2021 年超过了美国，并在 2023 年超过了德国和日本。如今，许多中国公司运营着“黑灯工厂”，完全由机器人操作，没有人类在场。
China has more robots in production than the rest of the world combined—including some of the cheapest and most advanced in the world. Chinese company Unitree produces robot dogs for $1,600 and an advanced humanoid for $5,900. These aren’t cheap knockoffs. They’re sophisticated machines that have captured the global imagination.中国拥有的机器人数量超过世界其他地区总和，其中包括一些全球最便宜和最先进的机器人。中国公司宇树科技（Unitree）生产的机器狗售价为 1600 美元，而其先进的人形机器人售价为 5900 美元。这些并非廉价的仿制品，而是已经引起全球关注的精密机器。
This boom has created a flourishing robotics ecosystem within China. Advanced robots are composed of thousands of precise components; a flaw in even one could render the entire robot inoperable. For decades, only specialized firms, many of them in Germany and Japan, could produce these components.这场繁荣在中国催生了一个蓬勃发展的机器人生态系统。先进的机器人由数千个精密部件组成，其中任何一个部件的缺陷都可能导致整个机器人无法运行。几十年来，只有少数专业公司（其中许多位于德国和日本）能够生产这些部件。
Now Chinese companies are entering the market, often at a lower price point. They are intent on either buying their competition—as happened with the German robotics giant KUKA in 2016—or driving them out of business. 如今，中国公司正进入这一市场，而且价格往往更低。它们要么打算收购竞争对手——正如 2016 年德国机器人巨头库卡（KUKA）的遭遇一样——要么就是将竞争对手挤出市场。
This means that China is better positioned than the U.S. to benefit when the moment Mr. Huang described gets here. And if the U.S. wants to get in the game, it won’t be able to produce these parts itself. The best case is reliance on Germany and Japan. The worst case is reliance on China.这意味着，当黄先生所描述的时刻到来时，中国比美国更有利于从中受益。如果美国想参与竞争，将无法自行生产这些零部件。最好的情况是依赖德国和日本，最坏的情况则是依赖中国。
How did China achieve this so quickly? State support was a key. Firms received subsidies to automate production, and cities and provinces have competed to attract robotics entrepreneurs. The size and depth of Chinese manufacturing has helped too: A plethora of shop-floor scenarios is crucial for effective task-specific robots.中国是如何如此迅速地实现这一目标的？国家支持是关键。企业获得了自动化生产的补贴，城市和省份也竞相吸引机器人创业者。中国制造业的规模和深度也起到了作用：大量的车间场景对于有效的特定任务机器人至关重要。
China’s advantage also stems from an advantage the U.S. once had but doesn’t any longer. New firms and technologies enter the Chinese market rapidly. Market discipline removes weak players quickly. Regulation doesn’t hold back innovation. 中国的优势也源于美国曾经拥有但现在已不具备的优势。新公司和新技术在中国市场迅速涌现。市场竞争迅速淘汰弱者。监管并未阻碍创新。
The U.S. has little in the way of a robotics ecosystem. Our “permission first” regulatory regime in everything from drones to sidewalk delivery robots creates obstacles for entrepreneurs. Companies interested in robotics spend more time with lawyers than engineers. Union agreements limit adoption of automation. America’s regulatory infrastructure hasn’t been updated for competition with China.美国在机器人生态系统方面几乎一片空白。我们从无人机到人行道送货机器人等所有领域的“先许可”监管制度给创业者设置了障碍。对机器人感兴趣的公司花在律师身上的时间比花在工程师身上的时间还多。工会协议限制了自动化的采用。美国的监管体系未能跟上与中国竞争的步伐。
The strategic implications are profound. As Chinese companies push competitors out of the market and benefit from the flywheel effect of deployment—more robots mean more training data, enabling wider deployment and even more data—China’s head start threatens to become insurmountable.战略意义深远。随着中国企业将竞争对手挤出市场，并受益于部署的飞轮效应——更多的机器人意味着更多的训练数据，从而实现更广泛的部署和更多的数据——中国的领先优势可能变得难以逾越。
There’s still time to act, but not much. The U.S. needs to move fast to ease regulatory bottlenecks and create an incentive for robotics research and development. Market competition with Chinese suppliers could strengthen American firms—but only if U.S. companies have freedom to experiment and iterate.现在仍有时间采取行动，但时间不多了。美国需要迅速行动，解除监管瓶颈，并激励机器人研发。与中国供应商的市场竞争可以增强美国企业——但前提是美国企业能够自由地进行实验和迭代。
The U.S. also needs coordinated action with allies. Germany, Japan and South Korea have critical robotics capabilities that—combined with American innovation—could form a competitive alternative to China’s integrated ecosystem. But this window is closing as Chinese companies capture market share from European and Asian incumbents.美国也需要与盟友协调行动。德国、日本和韩国拥有关键的机器人技术能力，这些能力与美国的创新相结合，可以形成与中国一体化生态系统相抗衡的竞争性选择。但随着中国企业蚕食欧洲和亚洲现有企业的市场份额，这一窗口正在关闭。
The U.S. has been bold in defining and defending the AI software stack. It should show the same leadership in AI robotics before China’s advantage becomes unassailable. The most crucial phase of the AI race is only beginning. We need to get in the running.美国在定义和捍卫人工智能软件栈方面一直表现大胆。在人工智能机器人领域，美国也应展现同样的领导力，以免中国优势变得不可撼动。人工智能竞赛最关键的阶段才刚刚开始。我们需要加入这场竞争。